Keywords
quarantine
COVID-19
demographic factors
IES-R score
How to Cite
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 is an unprecedented public health event. It started from Wuhan, China, in late December of 2019 and later spread worldwide. During the pandemic, negative impacts on mental health were found in all groups, including adults of their productive age.
Objective: This study aimed to search for factors related to Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) during the quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, specifically about the demographic background of respondents and its relation to PTSS.
Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design involving 257 Indonesian adults aged 26-67 years from 26 out of 34 provinces in Indonesia. The questionnaire used in this study consists of demographic questions and an Indonesian version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IESR). The questionnaire was distributed through a link attached to the social media platform from 17 September to 5 October 2020. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression using SPSS 25.0.
Results: The data analysis showed a significant relationship between age and mean IES-R score during quarantine time in Indonesia (p-value 0.001). Other demographic factors such as gender, education level, marital status, work from home, income during the pandemic, and pandemic effects to income showed no significant relation to the IES-R score of the respondents. Adults aged 25-44 years old tend to have higher IES-R scores than those aged 45-64 and 65+ years old.
Conclusion: Age was related to the IES-R score, while the other five independent variables included in the linear regression analysis were found to be confounders in this study.
References
Bisson, J. I., Cosgrove, S., Lewis, C., & Roberts, N. P. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. BMJ, 351. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h6161
Boyraz, G., & Legros, D. N. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and traumatic stress: Probable risk factors and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6-7), 503-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1763556
Covid19.go.id. (2020). Index Covid-19. https://covid19.go.id/
El-Zoghby, S. M., Soltan, E. M., & Salama, H. M. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and social support among adult Egyptians. Journal of Community Health, 45(4), 689-695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00853-5
Fawaz, M., & Samaha, A. (2020). COVID-19 quarantine: Post-traumatic stress symptomatology among Lebanese citizens. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(7), 666-674. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020932207
Fekih-Romdhane, F., Ghrissi, F., Abbassi, B., Cherif, W., & Cheour, M. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSD during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a Tunisian community sample. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113131
Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41(3), 209-218.
Irnaningsih, I., Asriati, A., & Tosepu, R. (2021). COVID-19 preventive behavior of the community in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Public Health of Indonesia, 7(2), 87-92. https://dx.doi.org/10.36685/phi.v7i2.416
Joseph, R., Lucca, J. M., Alshayban, D., & Alshehry, Y. A. (2021). The immediate psychological response of the general population in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 14(2), 276-283. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.19.20135533
Lee, S. M., Kang, W. S., Cho, A.-R., Kim, T., & Park, J. K. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003
Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., . . . Wang, Y. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921
McAlonan, G. M., Lee, A. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Tsang, K. W., Sham, P. C., . . . Wong, J. G. (2007). Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200406
Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. (2020). Pemprov DKI terapkan PSBB efektif mulai 0 april 2020 kecuali sejumlah sektor. https://jakarta.go.id/artikel/konten/6238/pemprov-dki-terapkan-psbb-efektif-mulai-10-april-2020-kecuali-sejumlah-sektor
Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510-512. http://DOI:10.1056/NEJMp2008017
Tosepu, R., Effendy, D. S., & Ahmad, L. (2020). The first confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Indonesian citizens. Public Health of Indonesia, 6(2), 70-71. https://dx.doi.org/10.36685/phi.v6i2.337
Tosepu, R., Effendy, D. S., Lestari, H., Bahar, H., Asfian, P., & Sakka, A. (2020). Vulnerability of weather on COVID-19 pandemic in West Java, Indonesia. Public Health of Indonesia, 6(4), 123-128. https://dx.doi.org/10.36685/phi.v6i4.357
United Nations. (1982). Provisional guidelines on standard international age classifications. Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.
Vetter, P., Vu, D. L., L’Huillier, A. G., Schibler, M., Kaiser, L., & Jacquerioz, F. (2020). Clinical features of Covid-19. BMJ, 369. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1470
Wijovi, F., Kurniawan, A., Lugito, N. P. H., Agung, F. H., Cipta, D. A., Angelina, S., . . . Hamdoyo, A. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised Questionnaire during COVID-19 pandemic. Medicinus, 9(2), 55-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/med.v9i2.4703
World Health Organization. (2020). Mental health and covid 19. Retrieved from https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/technical-guidance/mental-health-and-covid-19.
Wu, K. K., Chan, S. K., & Ma, T. M. (2005). Posttraumatic stress after SARS. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(8), 1297. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1108.041083.
Wu, Y.-C., Chen, C.-S., & Chan, Y.-J. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 83(3), 217. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270
Xu, J., Zheng, Y., Wang, M., Zhao, J., Zhan, Q., Fu, M., . . . Cheng, Y. (2011). Predictors of symptoms of posttraumatic stress in Chinese university students during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 17(7), PH60.-PH64. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.881836
Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. F. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072381
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Nadya Nathalia Evangelista, Felix Wijovi, Sisilia Orlin, Stella Angelina, Devina Adella Halim, Claudia Jodhinata, Audrey Hamdoyo, Darien Alfa Cipta, Andree Kurniawan, Nata Pratama Hardjo Lugito