Keywords
adolescent
school age
smoking
Health Belief Model
Indonesia
How to Cite
Abstract
Background: Programs aimed at altering health risk behavior in adolescents have frequently been a priority for the health department in Indonesia. However, these efforts have not yielded optimal results thus far. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is considered a dependable indicator for predicting health-risk behavior.
Objective: This study sought to establish the relationship between the constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM) – namely, perceived susceptibility to health-related issues due to smoking, perceived barriers to non-smoking, perceived benefits of non-smoking, perceived self-efficacy to non-smoking, and cues to action for non-smoking – and smoking behavior among adolescents of school age.
Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional design, examining smoking behavior in 171 school-age adolescents in Indonesia. This was done using an online Indonesian Smoking Behavior Questionnaire and a validated Indonesia Health Belief Model Questionnaire that measures the five domains of HBM. The Chi-square test was utilized to explore associations among different variables.
Results: Adolescents with an average age of 16.04 years (ranging from 12 to 17 years) reported a 5.8% incidence of smoking in the past 30 days. Significantly, there was a relationship between perceived susceptibility (p = 0.002), barriers to quitting smoking (p <0.001), cues to action (p = 0.019), and smoking behavior in adolescents.
Conclusion: The study provides valuable insights into how the Health Belief Model is linked to the involvement of adolescents in health risk behavior, particularly smoking. This information is crucial for the development of health education tailored to adolescents of school age.
References
Anuar, H., Shah, S., Gafor, H., Mahmood, M., & Ghazi, H. F. (2020). Usage of Health Belief Model (HBM) in health behavior: A systematic review. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 16(11), 2636-9346.
Balakumar, P., Maung-U, K., & Jagadeesh, G. (2016). Prevalence and prevention of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Pharmacological Research, 113, 600-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.040
Carter‐Harris, L., Ceppa, D. P., Hanna, N., & Rawl, S. M. (2017). Lung cancer screening: what do long‐term smokers know and believe? Health Expectations, 20(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12433
Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008). The health belief model. Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice, 4, 45-65.
Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2015). EBOOK: predicting and changing health behavior: research and practice with social cognition models. McGraw-hill education (UK).
Ennett, S. T., Bauman, K. E., Foshee, V. A., Pemberton, M., & Hicks, K. A. (2001). Parent‐child communication about adolescent tobacco and alcohol use: what do parents say and does it affect youth behavior? Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(1), 48-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00048.x
Fithria, F., Adlim, M., Jannah, S. R., & Tahlil, T. (2021). Indonesian adolescents’ perspectives on smoking habits: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10090-z
Gilman, S. E., Rende, R., Boergers, J., Abrams, D. B., Buka, S. L., Clark, M. A., Colby, S. M., Hitsman, B., Kazura, A. N., & Lipsitt, L. P. (2009). Parental smoking and adolescent smoking initiation: an intergenerational perspective on tobacco control. Pediatrics, 123(2), e274-e281. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2251
Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2015). Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Irwin Jr, C. E., Burg, S. J., & Cart, C. U. (2002). America’s adolescents: where have we been, where are we going? Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(6), 91-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00489-5
Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11(1), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818401100101
Jones, C. L., Jensen, J. D., Scherr, C. L., Brown, N. R., Christy, K., & Weaver, J. (2015). The health belief model as an explanatory framework in communication research: Exploring parallel, serial, and moderated mediation. Health Communication, 30(6), 566-576. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.873363
Kamimura, A., Nourian, M. M., Jess, A., Chernenko, A., Assasnik, N., & Ashby, J. (2016). Perceived benefits and barriers and self-efficacy affecting the attendance of health education programs among uninsured primary care patients. Evaluation and Program Planning, 59, 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.08.006
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2018). Laporan hasil riset kesehatan dasar (Riskesdas) Indonesia tahun 2018. Riset Kesehatan Dasar, 2018, 182-183.
Leventhal, H., Brissette, I., & Leventhal, E. A. (2012). The common-sense model of self-regulation of health and illness. In The self-regulation of health and illness behavior (pp. 43-66). Routledge.
Levy, P. S., & Lemeshow, S. (2013). Sampling of populations: methods and applications. John Wiley & Sons.
Li, K., & Kay, N. S. (2009). Correlates of cigarette smoking among male chinese college students in China--A preliminary study. International Electronic Journal of Health Education, 12, 59-71.
Michaelson, V., Pilato, K. A., & Davison, C. M. (2021). Family as a health promotion setting: A scoping review of conceptual models of the health-promoting family. PLoS One, 16(4), e0249707. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249707
Murray, C. J., & Lopez, A. D. (1997). Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet, 349(9064), 1498-1504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-2
Orji, R., Vassileva, J., & Mandryk, R. (2012). Towards an effective health interventions design: an extension of the health belief model. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v4i3.4321
Poss, J. E. (2001). Developing a new model for cross-cultural research: synthesizing the health belief model and the theory of reasoned action. Advances in Nursing Science, 23(4), 1-15.
Reisi, M., Javadzade, S. H., Shahnazi, H., Sharifirad, G., Charkazi, A., & Moodi, M. (2014). Factors affecting cigarette smoking based on health-belief model structures in pre-university students in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 3. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.127614
Ronis, D. L., Yates, J. F., & Kirscht, J. P. (2014). Attitudes, decisions, and habits as determinants of repeated behavior. In Attitude structure and function (pp. 213-239). Psychology Press.
Siswati, T., Olfah, Y., Setyowati, S., & Paramashanti, B. A. (2023). The impact of behavior change communication on healthy living movement-related knowledge and behavior among adolescents: A mixed-methods study. Public Health of Indonesia, 9(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.36685/phi.v9i1.654
Slovic, P., Peters, E., Finucane, M. L., & MacGregor, D. G. (2005). Affect, risk, and decision making. Health Psychology, 24(4S), S35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.S35
Tarkang, E. E., & Zotor, F. B. (2015). Application of the health belief model (HBM) in HIV prevention: a literature review. Central African Journal of Public Health, 1(1), 1-8.
Wang, Q. Q., Kaelber, D. C., Xu, R., & Volkow, N. D. (2021). COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: analyses from electronic health records in the United States. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(1), 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00880-7
World Health Organization. (2016). Department of maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (MCA): progress report 2014–15. Geneva: WHO.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Gisely Vionalita, Devi Angeliana Kusumaningtiar, Dudung Angkasa