Keywords
Infection
Bacteria
How to Cite
Abstract
Millions of single-celled microscopic organism called bacteria reside within the human body. Numerous infectious diseases in humans are caused by some of these pathogen bacteria. One of the major risk factors for bacterial infections is diabetes mellitus. Bacterial infections and diabetes may have a reciprocal relationship in which some illnesses exacerbate insulin resistance. Diabetes may occur as a result of bacteria in the digestive system. Any organ in a human body can become infected by bacteria. The respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, skin, and soft tissues are the most frequently infected areas with diabetes. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia increases the risk of bacterial infections by impairing innate and adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, skin ulceration can result from long-term diabetic consequences such peripheral vascular disease and neuropathy (sensorimotor and autonomic). These conditions can also lead to secondary bacterial infections.
References
Alberti, K. G. M. M. (2010). The Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. In Textbook of Diabetes: Fourth Edition. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444324808.ch2.
Association, A. D. (2011). Standards of medical care in diabetes-2011. Diabetes Care, 34(SUPPL.1). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-S011.
Balasoiu, D., Van Kessel, K. C., Van Kats, H. J., Collet, T. J., & Hoepelman, A. I. (1997). Granulocyte Function in Women With. Journal Diabetes Care, 20(3), 3–6.
Beam, T. R., Goldman, J. K., Crigler, E. D., & Schiffman, G. (1980). Antibody Response to Polyvalent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Diabetics. JAMA: The Journal of the American . Medical Association, 244(23), 2621–2624. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1980.03310230023016
Bissett, S., Pumerantz, A., & Preshaw, P. (2015). Periodontal disease and diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 19(4), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0404. Boland, B. S., Edelman, S. V., & Wolosin, J. D. (2013). Gastrointestinal Complications of Diabetes. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 42(4), 809–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2013.07.006. Brisseau, J. M., Murat, A., Raffi, F., Ramee, J. F., Lucas, V., Barrier, J. H., Guillon, J., Des, L. A., & Tiques, D. (1989). Diabete sucre et infections. Bytzer, P., Talley, N. J., Hammer, J., Young, L. J., Jones, M. P., & Horowitz, M. (2002). GI symptoms in diabetes mellitus are associated with both poor glycemic control and diabetic complications. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 97(3), 604–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9270(01)04099-0 Bytzer, P., Talley, N. J., Leemon, M., Young, L. J., Jones, M. P., & Horowitz, M. (2001). Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Diabetes Mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(16), 1989. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.16.1989. Calvet, H. M., & MD, T. T. Y. (2001). INFECTIONS IN DIABETES. Infectious Diseases Clinics of North America, 15(2), 407–421. Cano, M., Iglesias, P., Pérez, G., & Díez, J. J. (2010). Infección por virus influenza A (H1N1) como causa de cetoacidosis diabética grave en la diabetes tipo 1. Endocrinologia y Nutricion, 57(1), 37–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1575-0922(10)70008-5. Cardaropoli, S., Giuffrida, D., Piazzese, A., & Todros, T. (2015). Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and pregnancy-related diseases: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 109, 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2015.02.004. Carey, I. M., Critchley, J. A., Dewilde, S., Harris, T., Hosking, F. J., & Cook, D. G. (2018). Risk of infection in type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with the general population: A matched cohort study. Diabetes Care, 41(3), 513–521. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-2131. Casey, J. I., Heeter, B. J., & Klyshevich, K. A. (1977). Impaired response of lymphocytes of diabetic subjects to antigen of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 136(4), 495–501. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/136.4.495. Casqueiro, J., Casqueiro, J., & Alves, C. (2012). Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16(7), 27. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.94253. Cassileth BR, Cassileth BR., Lusk EJ, Strouse TB, Miller DS, B. L. (1984). Chemotaxis of Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with diabetes smellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 253(5), 2014. Chen, S. L., Jackson, S. L., & Boyko, E. J. (2009). Diabetes Mellitus and Urinary Tract Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Proposed Studies in Animal Models. Journal of Urology, 182(6 SUPPL.), S51–S56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.090. Delamaire, M., Maugendre, D., Moreno, M., Le Goff, M. C., Allannic, H., & Genetet, B. (1997). Impaired leucocyte functions in diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine, 14(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199701)14:1<29::AID-DIA300>3.0.CO;2-V.Federation, I. D. (2017). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th, edn. Frydrych, L. M., Fattahi, F., He, K., Ward, P. A., & Delano, M. J. (2017). Diabetes and sepsis: Risk, recurrence, and ruination. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 8(OCT). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00271. Geerlings, S. E. (2008). Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 31(SUPPL. 1), 54–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.07.042. Geerlings, S. E., & Hoepelman, A. I. M. (1999). Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 26(3–4), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-8244(99)00142-X. Geerlings, S. E., & Hoepelmen, A. I. . (1999). Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 26, 259–265. Gin, H., Brottier, E., & Aubertin, J. (1984). Influence of glycaemic normalisation by an artificial pancreas on phagocytic and bactericidal functions of granulocytes in insulin dependent diabetic patients. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 37(9), 1029–1031. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.37.9.1029. Hamdan, H. Z., Kubbara, E., Adam, A. M., Hassan, O. S., Suliman, S. O., & Adam, I. (2015). Urinary tract infections and antimicrobial sensitivity among diabetic patients at Khartoum, Sudan. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 14(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-015-0082-4. Hammerstad, S. S., Grock, S. F., Lee, H. J., Hasham, A., Sundaram, N., & Tomer, Y. (2015). Diabetes and hepatitis C: A two-way association. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 6(September). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00134. Hoepelman, A. I. M., Meiland, R., & Geerlings, S. E. (2003). Pathogenesis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in adult patients with diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 22(SUPPL. 2), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00234-6. Hokkam, E. N. (2009). Assessment of risk factors in diabetic foot ulceration and their impact on the outcome of the disease. Primary Care Diabetes, 3(4), 219–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2009.08.009. Holst, J. J. (2007). The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiological Reviews, 87(4), 1409–1439. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00034.2006. Hsieh, M. C., Wang, S. S. W., Hsieh, Y. T., Kuo, F. C., Soon, M. S., & Wu, D. C. (2013). Helicobacter pylori infection associated with high HbA1c and type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 43(9), 949–956. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12124. Huang, Z. S., Huang, T. S., Wu, T. H., Chen, M. F., Hsu, C. S., & Kao, J. H. (2010). Asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus infection does not increase the risk of diabetes mellitus: A ten-year observation. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia), 25(8), 1420–1425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06268.x. IJsselmuiden, C. B., & Faden, R. R. (1992). The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org on January 31, 2011. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright © 1992 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. 326. Janifer, J., Geethalakshmi, S., Satyavani, K., & Viswanathan, V. (2009). Prevalence of lower urinary tract infection in South Indian type 2 diabetic subjects. Indian Journal of Nephrology, 19(3), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-4065.57107. Jeon, C. Y., Haan, M. N., Cheng, C., Clayton, E. R., Mayeda, E. R., Miller, J. W., & Aiello, A. E. (2012). Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an increased rate of diabetes. Diabetes Care, 35(3), 520–525. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1043. Joshi, N., M.Caluto, G., Weitekamp, M. R., & A.W.Karchmer. (1999). Infections in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 341(25), 1906–1912. Kornum, J. B., Thomsen, R. W., Riis, A., Lervang, H.-H., Schønheyder, H. C., & Sørensen, H. T. (2007). Type 2 Diabetes and Pneumonia Outcomes. Diabetes Care, 30(9), 2251–2257. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-2417. Kumar, N. P., Moideen, K., Bhootra, Y., Nancy, A., Viswanathan, V., Shruthi, B. S., Sivakumar, S., Natarajan, M., Kornfeld, H., & Babu, S. (2019). Elevated circulating levels of monocyte activation markers among tuberculosis patients with diabetes co-morbidity. Immunology, 156(3), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13023. Kumar Nathella, P., & Babu, S. (2017). Influence of diabetes mellitus on immunity to human tuberculosis. Immunology, 152(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12762. .Lederman, M. M., Schiffman, G., & Rodman, H. M. (1981). Pneumococcal immunization in adult diabetics. Diabetes, 30(2), 119–121. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.30.2.119. Li, J. Z., Li, J. Y., Wu, T. F., Xu, J. H., Huang, C. Z., Cheng, D., Chen, Q. K., & Yu, T. (2017). Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with type 2 diabetes, not type 1 diabetes: An updated meta-analysis. Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5715403. Lipsky, B. A., Pecoraro, R. E., Chen, M. S., & Koepsell, T. D. (1987). Factors affecting staphylococcal colonization among NIDDM outpatients. Diabetes Care, 10(4), 483–486. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.10.4.483. Lipsky, B. A., Tabak, Y. P., Johannes, R. S., Vo, L., Hyde, L., & Weigelt, J. A. (2010). Skin and soft tissue infections in hospitalised patients with diabetes: Culture isolates and risk factors associated with mortality, length of stay and cost. Diabetologia, 53(5), 914–923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1672-5. MacCuish, A. C., Urbaniak, S. J., Campbell, C. J., Duncan, L. J., & Irvine, W. J. (1974). Phytohemagglutinin transformation and circulating lymphocyte subpopulations in insulin dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes, 23(8), 708–712. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.23.8.708. Mandel, M. A. (1978). Immune competence and diabetes mellitus: Pyogenic human hand infections. Journal of Hand Surgery, 3(5), 458–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-5023(78)80140-3 Meiland, R., Geerlings, SUzanne, E., Stolk, R. P., Netten, P. M., Schneeberger, P. M., & M.Hoepelman, Andi, I. . (2006). Asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med, 166(3), 320–326. https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2013.03.art17. Narmawan, N., Syahrul, S., & Erika, K. A. (2018). The Behavior of Foot Care in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Public Health of Indonesia, 4(3), 129–137. https://doi.org/10.36685/phi.v4i3.209. Papazafiropoulou, A., Daniil, I., Sotiropoulos, A., Balampani, E., Kokolaki, A., Bousboulas, S., Konstantopoulou, S., Skliros, E., Petropoulou, D., & Pappas, S. (2010). Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in type 2 diabetic subjects with and without microalbuminuria. BMC Research Notes, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-3-169. Pascale, A., Marchesi, N., Govoni, S., Coppola, A., & Gazzaruso, C. (2019). The role of gut microbiota in obesity, diabetes mellitus, and effect of metformin: new insights into old diseases. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 49, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2019.03.011. Peleg, A. Y., Weerarathna, T., McCarthy, james S., & Davis, T. M. . (2014). Common infections in diabetes: Pathogenesis, management and relationship to glycaemic control. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 32(30), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr. Polk, C., Sampson, M. M., Roshdy, D., & Davidson, L. E. (2021). Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 35(1), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2020.10.007. Quatrini, M., Boarino, V., Ghidoni, A., Baldassarri, A. R., Bianchi, P. A., & Bardella, M. T. (2001). Helicobacter pylori prevalence in patients with diabetes and its relationship to dyspeptic symptoms. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 32(3), 215–217. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200103000-00006. Restrepo, B. I., & Schlesinger, L. S. (2013). Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tuberculosis, 93(SUPPL.), S10–S14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1472-9792(13)70004-0. Richard I.G.Holt, Cockrsm, C. S., Fiflyvbjerg, A., & Goldstein, B. J. (2010). Text Book of Diabetes (Fourth Edi). Wiley-Blackwell. Rocha, J. L. L., Baggio, H. C. C., Cunha, C. A. da, Niclewicz, E. A., Leite, S. A. O., & Baptista, M. I. D. K. (2002). Aspectos relevantes da interface entre diabetes mellitus e infecção. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia, 46(3), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302002000300004. Ruslami, R., Aarnoutse, R. E., Alisjahbana, B., Van Der Ven, A. J. A. M., & Van Crevel, R. (2010). Implications of the global increase of diabetes for tuberculosis control and patient care. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 15(11), 1289–1299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02625.x. Shah, S. V., Wallin, J. D., & Eilenj, S. D. (1983). Chemiluminescence and superoxide anion production by leukocytes from diabetic patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 57(2), 402–409. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-57-2-402. Shaw, J. E., & Boulton, A. J. M. (1997). The pathogenesis of diabetic foot problems: An overview. Diabetes, 46(SUPPL. 2). https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.46.2.s58. Singer-Leshinsky, S. (2016). Pulmonary tuberculosis: Improving diagnosis and management. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 29(2), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000476207.96819.a7 Thomsen, R. W., Hundborg, H. H., Lervang, H. H., Johnsen, S. P., Schønheyder, H. C., & Sørensen, H. T. (2005). Diabetes mellitus as a risk and prognostic factor for community-acquired bacteremia due to enterobacteria: A 10-year, population-based study among adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40(4), 628–631. https://doi.org/10.1086/427699. Thomsen, R. W., Hundborg, H. H., Lervang, H. H., Johnsen, S., Schonheider, H. C., & Sorensen H. (2004). Risk of Community-Acquired Pneumococcal Bacteremia in Patients. Diabetes Care, 27(5), 1143–1147 Thomsen, R. W., Riis, A. H., Kjeldsen, S., & Schønheyder, H. C. (2011). Impact of diabetes and poor glycaemic control on risk of bacteraemia with haemolytic streptococci groups A, B, and G. Journal of Infection, 63(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2011.05.013. Tiara, R., & Tri, A. (2021). Hubungan Antara Diabetes Alberti, K. G. M. M. (2010). The Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. In Textbook of Diabetes: Fourth Edition. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444324808.ch2.
Association, A. D. (2011). Standards of medical care in diabetes-2011. Diabetes Care, 34(SUPPL.1). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-S011.
Balasoiu, D., Van Kessel, K. C., Van Kats, H. J., Collet, T. J., & Hoepelman, A. I. (1997). Granulocyte Function in Women With. Journal Diabetes Care, 20(3), 3–6.
Beam, T. R., Goldman, J. K., Crigler, E. D., & Schiffman, G. (1980). Antibody Response to Polyvalent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Diabetics. JAMA: The Journal of the American . Medical Association, 244(23), 2621–2624. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1980.03310230023016
Bissett, S., Pumerantz, A., & Preshaw, P. (2015). Periodontal disease and diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 19(4), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0404. Boland, B. S., Edelman, S. V., & Wolosin, J. D. (2013). Gastrointestinal Complications of Diabetes. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 42(4), 809–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2013.07.006. Brisseau, J. M., Murat, A., Raffi, F., Ramee, J. F., Lucas, V., Barrier, J. H., Guillon, J., Des, L. A., & Tiques, D. (1989). Diabete sucre et infections. Bytzer, P., Talley, N. J., Hammer, J., Young, L. J., Jones, M. P., & Horowitz, M. (2002). GI symptoms in diabetes mellitus are associated with both poor glycemic control and diabetic complications. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 97(3), 604–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9270(01)04099-0 Bytzer, P., Talley, N. J., Leemon, M., Young, L. J., Jones, M. P., & Horowitz, M. (2001). Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Diabetes Mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(16), 1989. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.16.1989. Calvet, H. M., & MD, T. T. Y. (2001). INFECTIONS IN DIABETES. Infectious Diseases Clinics of North America, 15(2), 407–421. Cano, M., Iglesias, P., Pérez, G., & Díez, J. J. (2010). Infección por virus influenza A (H1N1) como causa de cetoacidosis diabética grave en la diabetes tipo 1. Endocrinologia y Nutricion, 57(1), 37–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1575-0922(10)70008-5. Cardaropoli, S., Giuffrida, D., Piazzese, A., & Todros, T. (2015). Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and pregnancy-related diseases: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 109, 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2015.02.004. Carey, I. M., Critchley, J. A., Dewilde, S., Harris, T., Hosking, F. J., & Cook, D. G. (2018). Risk of infection in type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with the general population: A matched cohort study. Diabetes Care, 41(3), 513–521. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-2131. Casey, J. I., Heeter, B. J., & Klyshevich, K. A. (1977). Impaired response of lymphocytes of diabetic subjects to antigen of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 136(4), 495–501. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/136.4.495. Casqueiro, J., Casqueiro, J., & Alves, C. (2012). Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16(7), 27. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.94253. Cassileth BR, Cassileth BR., Lusk EJ, Strouse TB, Miller DS, B. L. (1984). Chemotaxis of Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with diabetes smellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 253(5), 2014. Chen, S. L., Jackson, S. L., & Boyko, E. J. (2009). Diabetes Mellitus and Urinary Tract Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Proposed Studies in Animal Models. Journal of Urology, 182(6 SUPPL.), S51–S56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.090. Delamaire, M., Maugendre, D., Moreno, M., Le Goff, M. C., Allannic, H., & Genetet, B. (1997). Impaired leucocyte functions in diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine, 14(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199701)14:1<29::AID-DIA300>3.0.CO;2-V.Federation, I. D. (2017). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th, edn. Frydrych, L. M., Fattahi, F., He, K., Ward, P. A., & Delano, M. J. (2017). Diabetes and sepsis: Risk, recurrence, and ruination. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 8(OCT). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00271. Geerlings, S. E. (2008). Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 31(SUPPL. 1), 54–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.07.042. Geerlings, S. E., & Hoepelman, A. I. M. (1999). Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 26(3–4), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-8244(99)00142-X. Geerlings, S. E., & Hoepelmen, A. I. . (1999). Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 26, 259–265. Gin, H., Brottier, E., & Aubertin, J. (1984). Influence of glycaemic normalisation by an artificial pancreas on phagocytic and bactericidal functions of granulocytes in insulin dependent diabetic patients. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 37(9), 1029–1031. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.37.9.1029. Hamdan, H. Z., Kubbara, E., Adam, A. M., Hassan, O. S., Suliman, S. O., & Adam, I. (2015). Urinary tract infections and antimicrobial sensitivity among diabetic patients at Khartoum, Sudan. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 14(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-015-0082-4. Hammerstad, S. S., Grock, S. F., Lee, H. J., Hasham, A., Sundaram, N., & Tomer, Y. (2015). Diabetes and hepatitis C: A two-way association. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 6(September). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00134. Hoepelman, A. I. M., Meiland, R., & Geerlings, S. E. (2003). Pathogenesis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in adult patients with diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 22(SUPPL. 2), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00234-6. Hokkam, E. N. (2009). Assessment of risk factors in diabetic foot ulceration and their impact on the outcome of the disease. Primary Care Diabetes, 3(4), 219–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2009.08.009. Holst, J. J. (2007). The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiological Reviews, 87(4), 1409–1439. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00034.2006. Hsieh, M. C., Wang, S. S. W., Hsieh, Y. T., Kuo, F. C., Soon, M. S., & Wu, D. C. (2013). Helicobacter pylori infection associated with high HbA1c and type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 43(9), 949–956. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12124. Huang, Z. S., Huang, T. S., Wu, T. H., Chen, M. F., Hsu, C. S., & Kao, J. H. (2010). Asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus infection does not increase the risk of diabetes mellitus: A ten-year observation. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia), 25(8), 1420–1425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06268.x. IJsselmuiden, C. B., & Faden, R. R. (1992). The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org on January 31, 2011. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright © 1992 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. 326. Janifer, J., Geethalakshmi, S., Satyavani, K., & Viswanathan, V. (2009). Prevalence of lower urinary tract infection in South Indian type 2 diabetic subjects. Indian Journal of Nephrology, 19(3), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-4065.57107. Jeon, C. Y., Haan, M. N., Cheng, C., Clayton, E. R., Mayeda, E. R., Miller, J. W., & Aiello, A. E. (2012). Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an increased rate of diabetes. Diabetes Care, 35(3), 520–525. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1043. Joshi, N., M.Caluto, G., Weitekamp, M. R., & A.W.Karchmer. (1999). Infections in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 341(25), 1906–1912. Kornum, J. B., Thomsen, R. W., Riis, A., Lervang, H.-H., Schønheyder, H. C., & Sørensen, H. T. (2007). Type 2 Diabetes and Pneumonia Outcomes. Diabetes Care, 30(9), 2251–2257. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-2417. Kumar, N. P., Moideen, K., Bhootra, Y., Nancy, A., Viswanathan, V., Shruthi, B. S., Sivakumar, S., Natarajan, M., Kornfeld, H., & Babu, S. (2019). Elevated circulating levels of monocyte activation markers among tuberculosis patients with diabetes co-morbidity. Immunology, 156(3), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13023. Kumar Nathella, P., & Babu, S. (2017). Influence of diabetes mellitus on immunity to human tuberculosis. Immunology, 152(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12762. .Lederman, M. M., Schiffman, G., & Rodman, H. M. (1981). Pneumococcal immunization in adult diabetics. Diabetes, 30(2), 119–121. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.30.2.119. Li, J. Z., Li, J. Y., Wu, T. F., Xu, J. H., Huang, C. Z., Cheng, D., Chen, Q. K., & Yu, T. (2017). Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with type 2 diabetes, not type 1 diabetes: An updated meta-analysis. Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5715403. Lipsky, B. A., Pecoraro, R. E., Chen, M. S., & Koepsell, T. D. (1987). Factors affecting staphylococcal colonization among NIDDM outpatients. Diabetes Care, 10(4), 483–486. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.10.4.483. Lipsky, B. A., Tabak, Y. P., Johannes, R. S., Vo, L., Hyde, L., & Weigelt, J. A. (2010). Skin and soft tissue infections in hospitalised patients with diabetes: Culture isolates and risk factors associated with mortality, length of stay and cost. Diabetologia, 53(5), 914–923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1672-5. MacCuish, A. C., Urbaniak, S. J., Campbell, C. J., Duncan, L. J., & Irvine, W. J. (1974). Phytohemagglutinin transformation and circulating lymphocyte subpopulations in insulin dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes, 23(8), 708–712. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.23.8.708. Mandel, M. A. (1978). Immune competence and diabetes mellitus: Pyogenic human hand infections. Journal of Hand Surgery, 3(5), 458–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-5023(78)80140-3 Meiland, R., Geerlings, SUzanne, E., Stolk, R. P., Netten, P. M., Schneeberger, P. M., & M.Hoepelman, Andi, I. . (2006). Asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med, 166(3), 320–326. https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2013.03.art17. Narmawan, N., Syahrul, S., & Erika, K. A. (2018). The Behavior of Foot Care in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Public Health of Indonesia, 4(3), 129–137. https://doi.org/10.36685/phi.v4i3.209. Papazafiropoulou, A., Daniil, I., Sotiropoulos, A., Balampani, E., Kokolaki, A., Bousboulas, S., Konstantopoulou, S., Skliros, E., Petropoulou, D., & Pappas, S. (2010). Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in type 2 diabetic subjects with and without microalbuminuria. BMC Research Notes, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-3-169. Pascale, A., Marchesi, N., Govoni, S., Coppola, A., & Gazzaruso, C. (2019). The role of gut microbiota in obesity, diabetes mellitus, and effect of metformin: new insights into old diseases. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 49, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2019.03.011. Peleg, A. Y., Weerarathna, T., McCarthy, james S., & Davis, T. M. . (2014). Common infections in diabetes: Pathogenesis, management and relationship to glycaemic control. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 32(30), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr. Polk, C., Sampson, M. M., Roshdy, D., & Davidson, L. E. (2021). Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 35(1), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2020.10.007. Quatrini, M., Boarino, V., Ghidoni, A., Baldassarri, A. R., Bianchi, P. A., & Bardella, M. T. (2001). Helicobacter pylori prevalence in patients with diabetes and its relationship to dyspeptic symptoms. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 32(3), 215–217. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200103000-00006. Restrepo, B. I., & Schlesinger, L. S. (2013). Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tuberculosis, 93(SUPPL.), S10–S14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1472-9792(13)70004-0. Richard I.G.Holt, Cockrsm, C. S., Fiflyvbjerg, A., & Goldstein, B. J. (2010). Text Book of Diabetes (Fourth Edi). Wiley-Blackwell. Rocha, J. L. L., Baggio, H. C. C., Cunha, C. A. da, Niclewicz, E. A., Leite, S. A. O., & Baptista, M. I. D. K. (2002). Aspectos relevantes da interface entre diabetes mellitus e infecção. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia, 46(3), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302002000300004. Ruslami, R., Aarnoutse, R. E., Alisjahbana, B., Van Der Ven, A. J. A. M., & Van Crevel, R. (2010). Implications of the global increase of diabetes for tuberculosis control and patient care. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 15(11), 1289–1299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02625.x. Shah, S. V., Wallin, J. D., & Eilenj, S. D. (1983). Chemiluminescence and superoxide anion production by leukocytes from diabetic patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 57(2), 402–409. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-57-2-402. Shaw, J. E., & Boulton, A. J. M. (1997). The pathogenesis of diabetic foot problems: An overview. Diabetes, 46(SUPPL. 2). https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.46.2.s58. Singer-Leshinsky, S. (2016). Pulmonary tuberculosis: Improving diagnosis and management. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 29(2), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000476207.96819.a7 Thomsen, R. W., Hundborg, H. H., Lervang, H. H., Johnsen, S. P., Schønheyder, H. C., & Sørensen, H. T. (2005). Diabetes mellitus as a risk and prognostic factor for community-acquired bacteremia due to enterobacteria: A 10-year, population-based study among adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40(4), 628–631. https://doi.org/10.1086/427699. Thomsen, R. W., Hundborg, H. H., Lervang, H. H., Johnsen, S., Schonheider, H. C., & Sorensen H. (2004). Risk of Community-Acquired Pneumococcal Bacteremia in Patients. Diabetes Care, 27(5), 1143–1147 Thomsen, R. W., Riis, A. H., Kjeldsen, S., & Schønheyder, H. C. (2011). Impact of diabetes and poor glycaemic control on risk of bacteraemia with haemolytic streptococci groups A, B, and G. Journal of Infection, 63(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2011.05.013. Tiara, R., & Tri, A. (2021). Hubungan Antara Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Dengan Risiko Peningkatan Kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru. Seminar Nasional Riset Kedokteran 2 (SENSORIK), 2(1), 95. Torres, M., Herrera, M. T., Fabián-San-Miguel, G., & Gonzalez, Y. (2019). The Intracellular Growth of M. tuberculosis Is More Associated with High Glucose Levels Than with Impaired Responses of Monocytes from T2D Patients. Journal of Immunology Research, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1462098. Wang, X., Ma, A., Han, X., Chen, L., Liang, H., Litifu, A., & Xue, F. (2018). T cell profile was altered in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes. Medical Science Monitor, 24, 636–642. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.905651. Zargar, A. H., Bashir, M. I., Masoodi, S. R., Laway, B. A., Wani, A. I., Khan, A. R., & Dar, F. A. (2002). Copper, zinc and magnesium levels in type-1 diabetes mellitus. Saudi Medical Journal, 23(5), 539–542.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Reni Yunus